337P日本大胆欧洲色_翻譯技巧——英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧綜述（二）

翻譯技巧——英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧綜述（二）
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翻譯技巧——英語(yǔ)翻譯技巧綜述（二）

拆句
　　單詞拆譯
　　26.Incidentally, I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the sitting-room.
　　順便說(shuō)一句，我建議你把電話(huà)移至起居室。
　　27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
　　他有個(gè)習慣叫人受不了，意思反復不定，一會(huì )一個(gè)主張。

　　短語(yǔ)拆譯
　　28. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books. 本杰明。富蘭克林整個(gè)一生都在受教育，他不僅從書(shū)本中學(xué)習，而且也從與人交往中學(xué)習。
　　29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.
　　能量即不能創(chuàng )造也不能消滅，這是一條公認的規律。
　　30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone.
　　會(huì )議結束，人人表示彼此將友好相處。
　　31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
　　因為他沒(méi)能遵守安全規則，機器出了故障。
　　32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds.
　　他的肺部很弱，冬天容易感冒。
　　33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narowed in in-dignation.
　　他搖了搖頭，兩眼睜的圓圓的，接著(zhù)有瞇成一條線(xiàn)，臉上露出了憤怒的神情。

　　句子拆譯：這里主要指英語(yǔ)復合句，尤其是長(cháng)句的拆譯。
　　34. He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.
　　他留下一封段信，對我表示歡迎，那信寫(xiě)的熱情洋溢，一如其人。
　　35. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.
　　當我等著(zhù)進(jìn)大學(xué)期間，我在一份地方報紙上看到一則廣告，說(shuō)是在離我住處大約10英里的倫敦某郊區，有所學(xué)校要招聘一名教師。

　　順序法
　　36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false.
　　你認為我會(huì )和你同住一套公寓，那就錯了。
　　37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (認知的) areas such as attention and memory.
　　研究人員證實(shí)：人們在動(dòng)腦筋時(shí)，頭腦會(huì )產(chǎn)生很多的變化，使頭腦在注意力和記憶力這類(lèi)認知領(lǐng)域中更有效地活動(dòng)
　　38. During the ice ages, human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves.
　　在冰河時(shí)代，人們面臨當時(shí)較為寒冷的氣溫，常常在洞穴里安家。

　　逆序法
　　39. It was extended and preserved in the 19th century, when our nation spread across the continent, saved the union, and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.
　　在19世紀，我們的國家橫跨大陸，拯救了聯(lián)邦，廢除了恐怖的奴隸制的蹂躪，這一信念才得以流傳可擴展。
　　40.By January 16, just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition, the German forces were back to line from which they had set out.
　　到1月16日，德軍又回到了他們當初出擊的戰線(xiàn)，這恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、彈藥儲備孤注一擲、發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻的一個(gè)月之后。
　　41. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand by, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
　　100年前，一位偉人簽署了《奴隸解放宣言》，今天，我們正是站在這位偉人富有象征意義的雕象下集會(huì )。

　　變序法（綜合法）
　　42. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
　　我有個(gè)問(wèn)題弄不懂，想請教你，你能回答嗎？
　　43. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had the same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance.
　　藥名混亂，有的由于不同藥物同一名稱(chēng)所引起，而有的則由于同一藥物不同名稱(chēng)所造成，他對此一一作了澄清。
　　44. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.
　　一位老師這樣寫(xiě)到：如果我們能從學(xué)生作文中找出一兩處比上次做的更好的地方，并提出表?yè)P性評語(yǔ)，而不是用紅墨水把學(xué)生的作文批改的一塌糊涂，我們就能從中的更富有建設性的結果。
　　45. Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth'5 sake, and that is as far as possible do no harm.
　　我們的職業(yè)傳統上格守一個(gè)信條，那就是盡可能的不造成傷害，這一信條勝過(guò)為講真話(huà)而講真話(huà)的美德。
　　46. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority in the House.
　　在一次記者招待會(huì )上，問(wèn)題集中于昨天的選舉結果，總統就此發(fā)了言。他說(shuō)他無(wú)法解釋為何共和黨遭到如此大的失敗。這種情況最終使共和黨在眾議院中失去了長(cháng)期享有的優(yōu)勢。

　　為何要拆句？
　　47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in mankind.
　　文獻讓我們了解到，恐懼癥在人類(lèi)中具有漫長(cháng)的歷史。
　　48.What is good, I suppose, is that many people a"e concerned about TV' s influence and that we have the power to change what we don' t like.
　　我看，好在有許多人關(guān)心電視的影響，而我們也有能力改變我們所不喜歡的東西。

　　英漢互譯時(shí)的詞序問(wèn)題
　　I．兩種語(yǔ)言的總體比較：
　　一方面，英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都是按照事物發(fā)展的客觀(guān)規律進(jìn)行的，因而有其共同點(diǎn)，例如：
　　In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, people invented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.
　　(為了更好的交流思想和感情，人們設計出了通常用的標記和符號系統，而這標記和符號交流雙方都能看的懂。)
　　
　　以上的幾個(gè)例句在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里的詞序都是一樣的；而除此以外，還存在著(zhù)很多不同點(diǎn)。另一方面，兩種語(yǔ)言又有許多不同點(diǎn)。下面就英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較：漢語(yǔ)比較注重事物發(fā)展的客觀(guān)順序，先發(fā)生什么，后發(fā)生什么，結果怎樣，最后才加上作者的評論和觀(guān)點(diǎn)，不管有多少動(dòng)詞都可以并列、排比使用，不會(huì )出現詞法、句法等的沖突。主題顯著(zhù)，突出主題，而非單單的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，注重句子的“意和”，這就要求我們透過(guò)句子的表層結構，深入到句子的內涵，先抓“整體”印象，充分理解過(guò)以后再把原文的意思形象翻譯出來(lái)。而英語(yǔ)則不然，英語(yǔ)突出主語(yǔ)，往往是評論、觀(guān)點(diǎn)在前，敘述、原因在后；表面形式上追求句子的“形和” ，對句子的結構要求非常嚴謹，特別強調句子結構的平衡，往往借助于句法、詞法（如主從句、分詞、不定式等手段）來(lái)維持句子表面上的平衡、完整性，極力避免句子的“頭重腳輕”（因此，也就出現了許多“it is said that…” 等等無(wú)主句）。所以，英文則是把作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)、主張放在前面，以后再跟著(zhù)原因、結果和目的等等從句。這些現象在新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)里尤其明顯，難怪有人說(shuō)，“ 漢語(yǔ)的句子結構好比一根竹子，一節一節地連下去，而英語(yǔ)的句子結構好比一竄葡萄，主桿可能很短，累累的果實(shí)附著(zhù)在上面?！?具體情況如下：

　　II．英漢互譯時(shí)的時(shí)間順序對比：
　　1.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing.This is, perhaps, a pity,because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally.
　　舊時(shí)的百貨店很快就消失了。過(guò)去，店主私下里都認識他的老主顧們，而在今天這種事情再也不復存在了，這實(shí)在是太可惜了。
　　2．American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson.
　　托馬斯.杰弗遜為美國的教育作出了很大的貢獻.

　　下面的句子屬倒裝句型，是典型的英漢在翻譯時(shí)的順序差異：
　　1. Under the dust was a color map of Paris. (巴黎地圖上布滿(mǎn)了灰塵。)
　　2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday.
　　(卡片上“生日快樂(lè )”字樣的下面寫(xiě)著(zhù)一條消息。)

　　正是由于以上的原因，才會(huì )出現兩種語(yǔ)言在思維習慣、邏輯推理上的不同：
　　III．英漢互譯時(shí)邏輯思維順序上的差異：
　　如上所述，如果一個(gè)句子里既有敘事的部分，又有表態(tài)的部分，在漢語(yǔ)里往往是敘事在前，表態(tài)在后，敘事部分可以很長(cháng)，表態(tài)部分一般都很短。而在英語(yǔ)里則往往相反，表態(tài)在前，敘事在后?！　±纾?
　　1．表原因：
　　a. I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.
　　接到你們的賀函，我十分愉快和感謝。

　　不過(guò)，處理這種句行時(shí)要注意英漢互譯時(shí)的順序問(wèn)題，例如：
　　My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "step up" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
　　所有美國人受的教育就是:長(cháng)大成人后應該追求金錢(qián)和權力，而我卻偏偏不要明明是朝這個(gè)目標 "邁進(jìn)"的工作, 他對此大或不解。

　　2. 表目的
　　The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples。
　　雙方同意，擴大兩國人民之間的了解是可取的。
　　3. 表條件和結果時(shí)的順序：
　　a. One can never succeed without making great
　　1（結果） 2（條件）
　　efforts.
　　譯文：
　　( 不努力就不會(huì )成功。)
　　2（條件） 1（結果）

　　4.在表示讓步的句子里，通常也是原因在前，結果在后：
　　Young as he is , he works hard. （盡管他很年輕，可他工作很買(mǎi)力。）

　　另外：下面的這個(gè)句子也可以視為結果一類(lèi)的句子，它的英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的順序很能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題：
　　c. 在當今的教育界，已經(jīng)涌現出了大批的優(yōu)秀人才。
　　Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in today’s education circle.
　　d. Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking. 人們關(guān)于終生飲酒的效果卻知道的很少

　　III. 因語(yǔ)法手段而造成的英漢次序不一
　　1．另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可見(jiàn)到大量的英漢次序不一的現象：
　　There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness; something very precious that he wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.
　　(他心里涌起一種難言的焦灼，因為他原來(lái)一直想保住的東西現在好象要毀滅了。)
　　另外，英語(yǔ)里的有些形式主語(yǔ)也大都采用了倒裝詞序：
　　2. 無(wú)主句：
　　It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour, but barely chugging along at thirty.
　　(后來(lái)，我才突然明白，這次快車(chē)并非以90英里的時(shí)速疾弛而下，而只不過(guò)是以30英里的時(shí)速慢慢向前行駛。)
　　It is reported that …………
　　3．在某些表示“融合性”的定語(yǔ)從句中：
　　a. There are many people who want to see the film. （許多人要看這部電影）
　　b. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. （樓下有人要見(jiàn)你）
　　4. 倒裝句形
　　a. Not a single word have we written down as yet. （否定） (我們連一個(gè)字都沒(méi)有寫(xiě)。)
　　b. Little does he realize the danger he is in （否定） (他一點(diǎn)都沒(méi)有意識到危險性。)

　　IV. 因句子結構轉換而造成的詞序不一:
　　Cold drinks will be available at the Sports Center.
　　運動(dòng)中心也提供冷飲。 (狀語(yǔ)轉譯成主語(yǔ))

　　V. 注意下面的一些特殊的結構：
　　中國自從改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，發(fā)生了很大的變化。
　　有人竟然翻譯成：
　　1. 誤：Since China’s policy of reform and opening, China has taken place a great many changes.
　　正：A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.
　　2.輪子是公元前六世紀發(fā)明的。
　　600 B.C. saw the invention of wheel.

　　下面是翻譯的題目，大家做做看，注意前面提到的語(yǔ)序
　　1. 離開(kāi)教室之前，請一定不要忘記關(guān)掉所有的電燈。
　　Be sure to turn off all the lights before you leave the classroom.
　　2. 一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)不幸的消息，他就禁不住哭了起來(lái)。
　　She broke into tears when she learned the bad news.
　　3. 他認為學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事情。
　　He doesn’t think it easy to learn English
　　4. 他把自己的成功歸因于運氣，而不是能力。
　　He attributed his success to luck instead of ability.
　　5. 經(jīng)濟不景氣，要想找一份滿(mǎn)意的工作太難了。
　　It’s difficult to find a satisfactory job now because of the sluggish economy.
　　6. 這次晚會(huì )如果組織得好，可以很成功。
　　The party will turn out to be very successful if well arranged.

　　英漢互譯時(shí)的詞性轉換
　　I.英語(yǔ)的名詞轉譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:
　　英漢兩種語(yǔ)言具有不同的辭語(yǔ)結構。在漢語(yǔ)里，一個(gè)句子可以有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞并排使用，不管有多少動(dòng)詞，都可以按照先后的順序一個(gè)一個(gè)地排下去；而英語(yǔ)則是一門(mén)靜止的語(yǔ)言,在同等條件下,選擇用名詞的情況居多數，
　　例如：
　　1. 在名詞轉譯成動(dòng)詞的句子中:
　　a. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her
　　(我星期三發(fā)現媽媽在流眼淚而感到震驚、尷尬，這就表明我對媽媽所承受的壓力知道的多么少。)
　　在這個(gè)句子當中,shock, embarrassment, index 等等都是英語(yǔ)趨向于用名詞而不用動(dòng)詞的最好例子
　　b. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion and they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.
　　(他們一想到在公共場(chǎng)穿不時(shí)髦的衣服，就感到渾身不自在，而一些商店和設計師們正是利用了他們的這種弱點(diǎn)。)
　　c. As a boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein.
　　(不論是在兒時(shí)還是長(cháng)大以后，我一直都對愛(ài)因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。)
　　d. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always to into raptures at the mere mention of the country. （我的大多數朋友都住在城里，然而，他們只要一提起鄉村就欣喜若狂。）
　　e. The availability of information on the INTERNET, for example , widens the possibilities of informal education immensely.
　?。ū热?，由于人們能在INTERNET網(wǎng)上可以得到信息，這就大大擴大了獲得非正規教育的可能性。）

　　2. 在一些特定結構中, 如: 介詞+名詞=副詞
　　a. It is wise of him to deal with the delicate problem with care and with calmness.
　?。ㄋ苊髦?，在處理這一敏感問(wèn)題時(shí)及盡仔細和謹慎。）
　　b. Einstein watched it in delight, trying to deduce the operating principle.
　?。◥?ài)因斯坦很欣喜地看著(zhù)它，想推斷出其中的操作原理。）
　　c. The soldier stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl.
　?。莻€(gè)士兵很震驚地看著(zhù)那個(gè)老農夫和女孩。）
　　d. The old man looked closely at the row of puddings with great interest
　?。ɡ先撕芨信d趣地仔細打量起一排布丁。）

　　3. 由形容詞變成的名詞: 這類(lèi)詞通常都是表示一類(lèi)人,如: the poor/ oppressed/ exploited

　　4. 在某些詞組中

　　a. a good case in point
　　after a while,
　　as a result,
　　at any rate,
　　break (burst ) into tears ,
　　go into service,
　　in a sense
　　in addition
　　in exchange for,
　　in other words
　　in reality,
　　out of place,
　　run (fly )into rage
　　take account of
　　to certain extent
　　to his disappointment
　　to one’s taste

　　b. To his surprise, Mr. Beck failed to come as expected.
　?。ㄆ婀值氖?，貝克先生來(lái)晚了。）
　　c. In all probability, I’m sure that he’ll come.
　?。ㄎ腋铱隙?，他完全可能來(lái)晚。）
　　d. He has said in all seriousness that their performance is perfect.
　?。ㄋ苷?jīng)地說(shuō)他們的演出很成功。）
　　e. I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me.
　?。ㄎ铱吹揭粋€(gè)人穿過(guò)大街，明顯地想跟我交談。）
　　f. Of course , daydreaming is no substitute for hard work.
　?。ó斎?，白日夢(mèng)不可能代替艱苦的工作。）

　　另外，還有一些句子也大量用名詞而不用動(dòng)詞，翻譯時(shí)要特別注意詞性的轉換，如：
　　g. That will help lead you to the attainment of your goals.
　?。菚?huì )有助于你達到目標。）
　　h. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development, it might make a critical difference.
　?。ǖ?，如果與通常的自我發(fā)展的方法相結合，他就能產(chǎn)生很大的不同。）
　　i. He said that this exercise of privilege of high-rank government officials will produce bad influence on people’s mind concerning our Party’s image .
　?。ㄋf(shuō)，政府高級官員濫用職權，將會(huì )在人們的心目中產(chǎn)生很壞的影響，損壞黨的形象。）
　　j. Those significant progress had been made in some industries, the general quality of industrial products leaves much to be desired.
　　(一些工業(yè)取得了長(cháng)足的進(jìn)步，但是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品總的質(zhì)量還亟待提高。)
　　k. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious.
　　(如果把男人和女人就流行款式方面作個(gè)比較，結論就很明顯了。)
　　l. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on.
　　(根據這些，他又提出了另外一些問(wèn)題，如此等等。)

　　6. 在一些特定的詞組中或格式中也趨向于用名詞。
　　a. be of (great)significance/(little) use /(no) value/ (some) help /(vital) importance
　　(很有意義的)/ 很有用的） /很有價(jià)值）/（很有幫助）/（很重要）
　　b. My suggestion/ motion/ recommendation /idea is that he (should) go there
　　我建議(想, 提議, 認為, 主張) 他去。

　　7. 在一些表示結果的特定詞組中
　　如： be shocked into stillness （驚呆了）
　　those people who toil to death （累得要命的人）
　　bore somebody to death （枯燥得要死）
　　be worried to death. （擔心得要命）

　　8. 英語(yǔ)的句子結構緊湊，漢語(yǔ)里一個(gè)有主語(yǔ)有謂語(yǔ)可以獨立的分句，譯成英語(yǔ)可能就變成了一個(gè)名詞詞組，這就更說(shuō)明了英語(yǔ)的名詞性特征.
　　a. The outbreak of the civil war totally damaged his splendid dream of contributing what he had for his country.（戰爭爆發(fā)徹底破壞了他那為國奉獻一切的夢(mèng)想。）
　　b. The train was delayed by the heavy snowfall. (火車(chē)因為積雪而晚點(diǎn)。)

　　II. 英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞結構反過(guò)來(lái)轉譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞:
　　一些由名詞派生的表示意愿、情緒等的動(dòng)詞,在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)往往還將其返回來(lái)譯成名詞：
　　1． This course is intended to provide aid to those women who, for this reason or that, fail to get the opportunity to receive education.
　　(這門(mén)課的目的就是給那些因為種種原因沒(méi) 有機會(huì )上學(xué)婦女們提供幫助。)
　　2．A well-dressed man , who looked and talked like a millionaire, turned out to penniless .
　　( 那個(gè)穿著(zhù)講究，外表和談吐都象百萬(wàn)富翁的人卻身無(wú)分文。)
　　3. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior.
　?。?美國的心理學(xué)家高頓．愛(ài)爾波特發(fā)現有一萬(wàn)個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞可以用來(lái)表達人們行為的不同特征。）

　　III. 名詞轉移成形容詞：
　　1． The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerable excitement in his mind
　?。俏坏皆L(fǎng)學(xué)者的演講著(zhù)實(shí)讓他感到很激動(dòng)。）
　　2. The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.
　　(這間房間很小但很舒適，從他臉上一眼就可看出他很滿(mǎn)意。)

　　IV. 其它詞匯的轉譯方法：
　　1．介詞譯成動(dòng)詞
　　a. If it’s academic success you’re after, you can’t neglect studying.
　?。ㄈ绻阕非髮W(xué)術(shù)上的成功，一定不能忽視了學(xué)習。）
　　b. Those who are for the program please raise your hand.
　?。ㄍ膺@項計劃的人請舉手。）
　　c. Will those in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ?
　　(贊成這項提議的人下星期六來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì )好嗎？)
　　d. It wasn’t that I was after money. I just wanted to make sure that he was found guilty again in the civil suit.
　　(并不是因為我想要錢(qián)，我只是想讓他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。)
　　2．副詞或形容詞轉譯成名詞：
　　a. In an overcrowded country, very few people own enough to make them financially independent.
　　在一個(gè)人口過(guò)度稠密的國家里，很少有人能在財政上獨立。）
　　b. To be economically prosperous, China will apply more flexible policies of opening to the outside.
　?。榱四苓_到經(jīng)濟上的繁榮，中國將實(shí)行更為靈活的開(kāi)放政策。）
　　c. Aside from offering financial support, work can keep us healthy not only physically but also mentally.
　　( 工作除了能給我們提供財政上的支持外，還能夠使我們在身體上和心理上保持健康。)

　　一些短語(yǔ)中：
　　To be mentally prepared…., 心理上做好準備
　　To be materially equipped….., 物資上作好準備
　　During the politically eventful late-1960s….,政治上正置多事之秋的60年代.
　　　　
　　下面又是練習啦：（答案明天下午公布）
　　1. 發(fā)明計算機是對現代社會(huì )的一大貢獻。
　　2. 接受他們的要求就意味著(zhù)要辭去目前的工作。
　　3．他決定驅車(chē)到海邊去度周末。
　　4．昨天下午，他們就這個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了充分的討論。
　　5．愛(ài)因斯坦的理論很多年以后才被人們所接受。
　　6．他這次考試失敗使他意識到上課時(shí)記筆記是多么重要。

　　答案如下：
　　1.The invention of computers contributes a great deal to the modern society.
　　2.To accept their demand means to quit the present job.
　　3.He decided to take a ride to spend weekends at beach.
　　4.We had a full discussion on the issue yesterday afternoon.
　　5.Einstein’s theory gained acceptance many years later.
　　6.His failure in the test made him aware of the importance of reviewing the lessons.

　　關(guān)于加詞、減詞等在翻譯時(shí)應注意的問(wèn)題。
　　所謂加詞就是根據原文的思想內涵透過(guò)文字表達上的表面現象，充分照顧到另一種語(yǔ)言的文法特征、描述規律，在將其翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言時(shí)該加詞的地方加詞，該減詞的地方減詞，千萬(wàn)不可以為了可以追求所謂的“精練、簡(jiǎn)潔”而隨隨便便地減詞；也不可以離開(kāi)原文，憑空膩測，隨隨便便加詞。具體地說(shuō)：
　　加詞：
　　I. 由于詞匯方面的原因而引起的加詞現象：
　　1．加動(dòng)詞
　　由于英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)“靜止”的語(yǔ)言，在所有的詞匯當中，用名詞的居多；而相比較而言，漢語(yǔ)則無(wú)此限制，不管有多少動(dòng)詞都可以并排使用。因此，許多英語(yǔ)的名詞翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)都要加上一些動(dòng)詞，否則，意思則很不完整，例如：
　　a. But by 1981 he had to have further surgery on his hand. And a month later, he suffered as stroke.
　?。?到了1981年，他的手不得不又做了一次手術(shù)。一個(gè)月以后，他又中風(fēng)了。）
　　b. His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mind of the people present that day.
　　(他那天在會(huì )上所做的報告使所有在場(chǎng)的人深受鼓舞。)
　　c. He maintain that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improved performance.
　　(他堅持認為，只有通過(guò)勤奮工作加上不懈的努力才會(huì )取得好的成績(jì)。)
　　d. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governments at all levels on the alert.
　?。?偽劣建筑奪取了很多人的生命，這一點(diǎn)足以使我們的各級部門(mén)提高警惕。）
　　e. Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseas tourists.
　　(為了一百萬(wàn)的國內外旅客的利益，我們一定為改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量而進(jìn)行努力。)
　　f. You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.
　　(你不應該一吃過(guò)飯，馬上就去游泳，這是很不明智的。)

　　2. 加名詞：
　　在漢語(yǔ)中，及物和不及物動(dòng)詞的區別不是很明顯，有時(shí)所謂及物動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)如果上下文中能夠看的出，往往可以省略不說(shuō)；而英語(yǔ)則不然。由于英語(yǔ)對及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區別很明顯，因此翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)則很麻煩。特別是一些不及物動(dòng)詞必須帶上它后面的賓語(yǔ)句子意思才能顯得完整。因此，我們在翻譯時(shí)往往就需要增補。
　　a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating, playing , meetings , classes, etc.
　?。ㄗ饕粋€(gè)時(shí)間表，然后，將吃飯、睡覺(jué)、開(kāi)會(huì )、上課等等的時(shí)間填上。）
　　b. It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up and called the police and they explained that they’d done that after much deliberation.
　?。ㄖ钡絻蓚€(gè)小時(shí)以后，那對老夫妻才有勇氣敢從床上爬起來(lái)給警察打電話(huà)，并解釋說(shuō)那也是經(jīng)過(guò)仔細考慮才敢作的。）
　　c. 這見(jiàn)事?lián)f(shuō)是一個(gè)組織嚴密團伙干的。
　?。═he operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group.）
　　d. 我是為友誼和求學(xué)而來(lái)。
　?。↖ came here in the spirit of friendship and learning。）

　　有時(shí)形容詞前面也可以加上名詞：
　　e. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensive and, moreover looks very ugly.
　?。ㄋ拮诱J為，這件家具價(jià)格昂貴而且外表難看。）
　　f. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.
　?。ㄈ缓?，我繼續裝著(zhù)對這種事情很內行的樣子，結果更使他們認定我是一個(gè)名聲很壞的人。）
　　有時(shí)，一些名詞或者數量詞的復數形式翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后前面也要加詞表示重疊：
　　g. Thousands of students from the city’s colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting the arrival of their football team.
　　(成千上萬(wàn)的高校學(xué)生一起涌到火車(chē)站歡迎他們的足球隊凱旋。
　　h. These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to her by many friends to help
　　her in the Crimea. （她用朋友們給她的一筆筆錢(qián)購買(mǎi)醫療設備。）
　　i. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctor who were helpless before such scene of suffering and misery.
　?。ㄖ挥羞@些老醫生來(lái)照看一群群的傷員，他們在如此的痛苦、悲傷面前，顯得無(wú)可奈何。

　　3. 加代詞：
　　這里的代詞主要是指作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的代詞，因為英語(yǔ)中的所有及物動(dòng)詞都必須帶有賓語(yǔ)，所以漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)也需要增補：
　　a. If you like this novel, I can lend it to you.
　?。ㄈ绻阆矚g這本小說(shuō)，我可以借給你。）
　　b. I think she’d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.
　?。ㄎ矣X(jué)得如果我們能幫她一把，她回很感激的。）
　　c. Would you please look for the key once more ? I remembered clearly putting it in the drawer last time.
　?。懿荒茉僬乙槐殍€匙？我記得上次放在抽屜里了。）

　　4. 加連詞和介詞：漢語(yǔ)可以通過(guò)上下文來(lái)連接句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，而英語(yǔ)則靠一些連接詞來(lái)完成：
　　a. If you want to go, I would give you my advice that you take an umbrella.
　?。阋?，我建議你別忘了帶把傘。）
　　b. Since its opening five years ago, the shop has attracted a lot of customers.
　?。ㄟ@家商店五年前開(kāi)業(yè)以來(lái)，吸引了大批顧客。）
　　c. Since the beginning of this century, more and more scientists have become interested in the way the human brain works.
　?。ū臼兰o以來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開(kāi)始對人腦活動(dòng)的方式感興趣。）
　　d. His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got there.
　　(他的朋友要他到了那兒就給他們寫(xiě)信。)
　　e. He went so far as to cheat openly on test.
　?。ㄋ尤桓夜_(kāi)作弊。）
　　f. The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost.
　?。ㄟ@家工廠(chǎng)已經(jīng)決定低成本、大批量的生產(chǎn)這種儀器。）
　　g. Why was he absent from school yesterday?
　?。ㄋ蛱鞛槭裁床簧蠈W(xué)？）
　　h. The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashness.
　?。ɡ项I(lǐng)導告戒我們要戒驕戒躁。）
　　i. This, he said, deprived him of his civil rights, and he asked for $150,000 in damages.
　?。ㄋf(shuō)，這等于是剝奪了他的公民權力，因此申請$150,000的賠償。）
　　j. His marriage suffered and ended in divorce. （他的婚姻也受到影響，最后還是離了婚。）
　　k. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.
　?。◣纵啎?huì )談以后，雙方認為邊界問(wèn)題可以解決了。）
　　l. As her year as chief resident drew to a close, Mrs. White decided to specialize in children’s diseases.
　?。ㄔ谒髯≡嚎傖t師要結束時(shí)，懷特太太決定專(zhuān)攻病理。）

　　5．下面的一些句子則是為了修辭目的而加詞：
　　a. He was sentenced as much as six months in jail for drunk driving.
　?。ㄋ蛐锞岂{駛而被判入獄半年。）
　　b. As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.
　　(二十個(gè)人在昨天的事故當中喪生。)
　　c. I came here as early as eight o’clock this morning.
　?。ㄎ医裉彀它c(diǎn)鐘就來(lái)了。）

　　6 .在某些作定語(yǔ)的不定式結構中，介詞有時(shí)需要加上：
　　a. I’d like to find someone to play with （我想找人玩。）
　　b. Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on. （你能否遞張紙給我，我想寫(xiě)點(diǎn)東西。）
　　c. Totally alone in the room , her mother wanted to find someone to talk to
　?。ㄋ龐寢層X(jué)得一個(gè)人在房間里太孤單了，想找個(gè)人說(shuō)說(shuō)話(huà)。）

　　7．某些獨立結構中：
　　With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the class. （老師走了進(jìn)來(lái)，手里拿本書(shū)。）

　　8. 加副詞
　　a. They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.
　　(他猛地抬頭往天空看，直到火箭發(fā)射的聲音漸漸遠去。)
　　b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him.
　　(他偷偷地瞥了他一眼。)

　　9. 有時(shí)還要根據實(shí)際需要，加上一些表示“范疇”的詞，即表示籠統意思的單詞，意見(jiàn)、想法、道理等等。
　　a. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.
　?。ㄒ虼?，對社會(huì )活動(dòng)家來(lái)說(shuō)，培養業(yè)余愛(ài)好和新的興趣就成為頭等重要的事情了。但這不是一蹴而就的事情，也不能單靠毅力就能臨時(shí)湊成。）
　　b. A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam and escape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long
　?。ㄈ绱硕嗟膶W(xué)生作弊，居然沒(méi)人管，是很危險的，也不可能持久。）
　　c. So he began to study the children’s responses in situation where no milk was provided
　?。ㄋ?，他開(kāi)始研究小孩子得不到牛奶時(shí)的反應是什么樣的。）
　　以上的幾句雖然沒(méi)有“局面”、“情況”等詞，但其意思卻已經(jīng)包含在了里面。如果不加上 “policy”, “business”, “situation” 等詞，意思就不是很清楚，句子也不通順。

　　II. 由于漢英結構不同而造成的加詞現象：
　　1．由上下文的邏輯關(guān)系而引起的加詞現象：
　　句子結構方面：
　　a. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
　?。ㄔ诖蠖鄶登闆r下，這樣做有一定效果。如果還不行，顧客可以采取許多措施直至滿(mǎn)意為止。）
　　b. They illustrate, for one thing, the underlying American faith that our future rests on the way our children turn out , and that a basic way to affect children’s development is through their education.
　　(有一點(diǎn)，他們表明了美國人內心深處的一個(gè)信念，那就是，我們的孩子如何成長(cháng)將決定我們的未來(lái)，而影響他們發(fā)展的一個(gè)基本途徑就是通過(guò)教育。)
　　c. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.
　?。ㄈ祟?lèi)已經(jīng)從動(dòng)物的行為中學(xué)到了很多東西的說(shuō)法并不是什么新鮮事。）

　　下面的例句都是一些需要加關(guān)系代詞的現象：
　　d. He passed the exam, which can be read from his the light on his face.
　?。ㄎ覐乃樕暇涂梢圆鲁鏊淹ㄟ^(guò)了考試。）
　　e. He was late on that very morning for the interview, which totally damaged the possibilities of promotion.
　　(他偏偏在面試的那天早晨遲到，結果喪失了一次晉升的絕好機會(huì )。)
　　f. As is expected , he arrived at the railway station in time. （他果然準時(shí)到了火車(chē)站）

　　2．在無(wú)主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主語(yǔ)。
　　因為在這些句子中，主語(yǔ)雖然沒(méi)有表示出來(lái)，但卻早已隱含在句子里面；加上英語(yǔ)對句子表面上的結構要求非常嚴謹，因此在漢語(yǔ)翻譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)往往要加上省略的部分（主語(yǔ)）意思才能完整,例如：
　　a. 進(jìn)行社會(huì )主義現代化建設必須尊重知識、尊重人才。
　　(In our drive for socialist modernization, we must respect knowledge and talented people.)
　　b. 你還是帶把雨傘吧，以防下雨。 (You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.)
　　c. 已經(jīng)快七點(diǎn)種了，他怎么還沒(méi)有到？ ( It is nearly seven o’clock now , why hasn’t he arrived yet ?)
　　d. 一定不要忘記離家前父母對你所說(shuō)的話(huà)。 (Remember what your said to you before you left home.)

　　有時(shí)，英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞需要加上其邏輯主語(yǔ)才能顯得意思完整：
　　e. His father-in-law doesn’t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.
　?。ㄋ脑栏笇λ檫@么多的煙很不以為然。）

　　3.加賓語(yǔ)
　　她媽媽說(shuō)，他們應該帶孩子一起去參加馬麗的生日晚會(huì )。
　　(Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary’s birthday party.)
　　4. 有時(shí)需要加上語(yǔ)氣詞：
　　There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlands on the Long March, we just slept where we could. （我們長(cháng)征時(shí)根本就沒(méi)房子住，隨便找個(gè)地方就睡下了。）
The audience was not interested at all (in any sense) in his long and boring speech.
　?。ㄓ^(guān)眾對他那又臭又長(cháng)的講話(huà)一點(diǎn)都不感興趣。）

　　減詞：
　　I. 和一些單詞有關(guān)系的減詞法
　　1．省略“范疇”詞: 先看下面的例子：
　　a. 系里的領(lǐng)導來(lái)找他做說(shuō)服工作。
　?。═he leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion ）
　　b. 這次考試不及格，使他深切認識到寫(xiě)好作文在學(xué)習英文中的重要性。
　?。═he failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learning English.）
　　c. 這本書(shū)的目的是改進(jìn)學(xué)生們的理解能力。

　　II. 表示邏輯關(guān)系上的減詞：
　　1．省去句子的主要結構只保留關(guān)聯(lián)詞：
　　a. The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.
　?。ㄉ痰甑睦习鍟?huì )建議顧客給制造商寫(xiě)信。要真是這樣的話(huà)，顧客應該盡量把投訴書(shū)寫(xiě)的禮貌些、措辭更堅定一些。）
　　b. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an gnoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty.
　?。墒遣贿@樣，有能有什么別的更好的辦法呢？知識的范圍如此廣袤，一旦越出其專(zhuān)業(yè)范圍，連專(zhuān)家也會(huì )變得一無(wú)所知。）
　　c. It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can it survive ?
　　(每個(gè)民族都有它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，不然，怎么可以生存下來(lái)？)
　　2．省去主語(yǔ)：
　　d. When completed, this bridge will be the largest in Asia. (這座橋一旦竣工將是亞洲最大的。)
　　e. In some organization, important papers, letters, speeches, documents, etc, are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed.
　?。?在許多組織里，重要的文件、信函、演講材料、檔案都保存在文件夾里，以便需要時(shí)很容易查到。）

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