翻譯技巧——虛擬語(yǔ)氣祥解(二) | |
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eging 發(fā)表于 2019/4/11 9:07:55
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翻譯技巧——虛擬語(yǔ)氣祥解(二) 第三部分:名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
第一節:賓語(yǔ)從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,常省去賓語(yǔ)從句的引導詞that。 一)、對現在情況的虛擬(與現在的事實(shí)相反): 從句用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。其句子結構為:賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)be和were(was),實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥(niǎo)。(事實(shí)上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood) 現在他在中國,他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們在一起) 二)、對過(guò)去情況的虛擬(和過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反): 用wish表示對過(guò)去事情的遺憾。其句子結構為:賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),或would, could, might+現在完成時(shí)。例: 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望沒(méi)有失去機會(huì )。(其實(shí)已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒(méi)同我們講) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此) 例題分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句,表達不可能實(shí)現或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即用過(guò)去式(表示現在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)或過(guò)去完成式(表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。本題后半句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have用的是過(guò)去時(shí)had to get up and come, 所以前面要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項A)could have slept是答案 三)、對將來(lái)情況的虛擬(表示將來(lái)的主觀(guān)愿望): 從句動(dòng)詞"would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后)(請注意:主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不相同)。用wish表示對將來(lái)事情的愿望。例: 1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著(zhù)呢) 2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著(zhù)呢) 3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天會(huì )到。(事實(shí)上她還沒(méi)到) 4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change) 我希望她會(huì )改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒(méi)那么容易就改變主意喔) 5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join) (只是希望我們和他在一起,實(shí)際上還沒(méi)在一起) 四)、注意: 1.如果將wish改為過(guò)去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如: I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 我要是那時(shí)沒(méi)有花掉那么多錢(qián)就好了。 2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現狀不滿(mǎn)或希望未來(lái)有所改變或請求 I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down. I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions. 二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說(shuō)話(huà)者的主觀(guān)意見(jiàn),認為某事應該或不應該怎樣,這些詞語(yǔ)后面的“that”從句應用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語(yǔ)氣,但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形,常用的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有: 表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“決定、命令”的:decide, order 表示“主張”的:maintain, urge 表示“同意、堅持”的:consent, insist 例如: 1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(當我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí),他說(shuō)“剃刀和水就行了”。) 4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費了幾天功夫尋找理論根據,直到我建議拆開(kāi)看看它是如何轉動(dòng)的。) 5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的國家呆上兩三年。) 在表示命令、建議、要求等一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣很普遍,其結構如: order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 但注意:在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅持自己, 用陳述語(yǔ)氣, 堅持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣. 8.she insists that she is right. 9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once. |
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