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英漢同聲傳譯的技巧(一)
發(fā)起人:eging3  回復數:0  瀏覽數:5175  最后更新:2015/7/23 16:11:06 by eging3

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2015/7/23 16:12:26
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英漢同聲傳譯的技巧(一)
英漢同聲傳譯的技巧(一)




李長(cháng)栓

(北京外國語(yǔ)大學(xué)高級翻譯學(xué)院 北京 100089)




敬告:本文雖然談同傳的技巧,但技巧僅僅是翻譯的輔助手段,甚至可以說(shuō)是微不足道的手段。技巧不能代替譯員對專(zhuān)業(yè)知識和會(huì )議背景的把握。任何試圖通過(guò)語(yǔ)言轉換技巧來(lái)解決一切翻譯問(wèn)題的努力都是徒勞的。




一、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的處理




英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不會(huì )構成同傳的障礙,但特定類(lèi)型的謂語(yǔ)如果處理得當,可以幫助搭好句子框架,減少接續困難,提高同傳效率,減輕大腦負擔。不少情況下,英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞加名詞構成,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的意思,這時(shí),我們可以將其譯為動(dòng)詞,我們稱(chēng)之為詞類(lèi)轉換。




詞類(lèi)轉換是筆譯時(shí)經(jīng)常提及的方法,在同傳中更為常用。如果說(shuō)詞類(lèi)轉換是筆譯時(shí)可供選擇的手段,在同傳中則是同傳必不可少手段。例如:My delegation will show flexibility in the consultations on the program of work.筆譯時(shí)既可譯為“我國代表團在工作計劃的磋商中將表現出靈活性”,也可以轉換詞類(lèi),譯為“我國代表團將靈活地磋商工作計劃”。在同傳中如果采取前者,必定要將全句聽(tīng)完后再開(kāi)始譯,會(huì )造成翻譯過(guò)度滯后,影響下一句的理解與表達;如果不適當地轉換詞類(lèi),開(kāi)口就說(shuō)出“我國代表團將表現出靈活性”,則往下接續就不大容易;如果采取后種譯法,則可以緊跟原文順序,作到幾乎與原文同步結束,為下一句爭取了寶貴的時(shí)間。從這個(gè)意義上講,詞類(lèi)轉換對同傳更為重要。請看其它例句:




(1)The multinational force is a concrete translation of the will of the international community that aggression stands to lose and that the use of force avails nothing but destruction.多國部隊切實(shí)反映了國際社會(huì )的意愿,即侵略注定要失敗,使用武力只能招致毀滅。(名詞→動(dòng)詞)(筆譯還可譯為“……是國際社會(huì )意愿的切實(shí)反映……”)




(2)The commitment to the free market has found its most forceful expression in the decision of the ASEAN leaders to establish an ASEAN Free Trade Area through the steady reduction and eventual elimination of trade barriers within ASEAN.對自由市場(chǎng)的承諾最有力地表現在東盟領(lǐng)導人決定建立東盟自由貿易區,辦法是逐步削減并最終消除東盟內部的貿易壁壘。(名詞→動(dòng)詞)(另請注意狀語(yǔ)through…譯法)




其它如將to be the clear indicators of 譯為“清楚地表明”;將to be clear evidence of 譯為“清楚地證明”;將to generate the impetus譯為“推動(dòng)”等。




為了能夠達到順譯的目的,對謂語(yǔ)還可以進(jìn)行其它類(lèi)型的詞類(lèi)轉換:




(3)International order rests upon scrupulous observance, in letter and spirit, of the fundamental principles of non-use of force or threat of force. 國際秩序的基礎是嚴格遵守、不折不扣地遵守不使用武力或和不以武力相威脅的根本原則。(動(dòng)詞→名詞)




(4)We should help in ways which are mutually beneficial to both developing and developed countries.我們援助的方法應同時(shí)有利于發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達國家。(動(dòng)詞→名詞,形容詞→動(dòng)詞)




英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)的處理也是同傳的難點(diǎn)之一。被動(dòng)句在筆譯和交替傳譯時(shí)經(jīng)常變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)句譯,如:




But at the same time, many doubts have been raised about the capacity of the UN system to cope.可是同時(shí),人們也提出了很多疑問(wèn):聯(lián)合國系統究竟有多大的應付能力。




這種方法同樣適用于同傳,但同傳時(shí)為了達到順譯的目的,還可以采取其它一些變通方法,比如將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)合并譯為名詞短語(yǔ)作漢語(yǔ)主語(yǔ):




(1)The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.經(jīng)濟自由的獲得是因為打破了高度集中的權力。




(2)Many of these problems can be addressed by improving the rural land system.其中很多問(wèn)題的解決,要靠改善農村的土地制度。(或……要得到解決,必須改善……)




(3)The Philippine economy is ruled no longer by the tyranny of excessive regulation or of corporate monopoly but by the invigorating regime of market forces and free competition.菲律賓的經(jīng)濟已不再遭受過(guò)度管制或公司壟斷,而是充滿(mǎn)了市場(chǎng)力量和自由競爭機制的活力。(形象化的語(yǔ)言可以只譯主要意思)




(4)Hence, democratization must be accompanied by sustained efforts to further the cause of human dignity and freedom. 因此,搞民主化的同時(shí)必須不斷努力推進(jìn)促進(jìn)人類(lèi)尊嚴和自由的事業(yè)。




二、定語(yǔ)的處理方法




除單詞和較短的片語(yǔ)外,英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)通常在后,漢語(yǔ)一般在前。將英語(yǔ)的后置定語(yǔ)譯為中文時(shí)理應調整語(yǔ)序,使之符合漢語(yǔ)表達習慣。筆譯時(shí)無(wú)時(shí)間限制,可以先譯后面,再譯前面,通盤(pán)安排語(yǔ)序。而同聲傳譯時(shí)由于無(wú)法預見(jiàn)定語(yǔ),已經(jīng)將定語(yǔ)之前的部分先行譯出;或者知道有定語(yǔ),但定語(yǔ)過(guò)長(cháng),譯完定語(yǔ)再譯中心詞有可能將中心詞忘掉,這時(shí),我們就需要通過(guò)靈活變通的辦法,在不對原文語(yǔ)序作重大調整的情況下,將定語(yǔ)在中心詞之后譯出。綜合起來(lái),可以應用以下幾種手段:




1、 獨立成句




(1)This has been a major engine of economic growth comparable to the earlier experiences in South East Asian neighboring countries.這大大帶動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟增長(cháng),類(lèi)似于東南亞各國早期的發(fā)展歷程。




(2)Our foreign secretary on one occasion spelt out our objectives in terms of three quite simple principles which I think are still true.我們的外務(wù)大臣有一次清楚地講述了我們的目標,它包括三項簡(jiǎn)單的原則,我想現在還適用。




2、譯為“使之……”




(3)We should look for policies which help and do not harm our neighbors.我們應當尋求各種政策,使之幫助而非損害我們的鄰國。




(4)Unlike other economies, we do not have the luxury of opening an exchange which will grow and change as the economy grows.不象其它經(jīng)濟體,我們不可能開(kāi)辦一個(gè)證交所,使之隨著(zhù)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展而發(fā)展變化。(另請注意加點(diǎn)部分的譯法,原文形象丟失)




(5)It is true that liberalization of foreign exchange controls is required, but promotion of the entry of foreign capital which matches national policies is also required.不錯,放松外匯管制是必要的,但促進(jìn)外資流入,使之配合國家政策,也是必要的。




3、譯為“如果”、“只要”




(6)I believe that the history of economic development since the War demonstrates that those political systems which provide maximum freedom for the private sector and which have encouraged, rather than restricted, trade and development have done best.我相信,戰后經(jīng)濟發(fā)展史表明,政治體制只要最大限度地給予私有部門(mén)自由,只要鼓勵,而非限制貿易與投資,便是最為成功的。




4、重復中心詞




(7)As in the past, so also in the future, Pakistan will extend its whole-hearted co-operation to all other states in common efforts aimed realizing the ideals that inspired the establishment of UN. 如同過(guò)去一樣,在未來(lái),巴基斯坦將與其它國家全心合作,共同努力,實(shí)現這種理想,這種激勵聯(lián)合國成立的理想。




(8)The sanctions regime which the Security Council Imposed on Iraq actually has no parallel in the history of the United Nations.這一制裁體制,聯(lián)合國對伊拉克的制裁體制,在聯(lián)合國的歷史上是前所未有的。




(9)As a matter of fact, the Security Council Committee established by resolution 661(1990) to oversee the strict implementation of the sanctions regime has not to date reported any violations of the sanctions.事實(shí)上,安理會(huì )委員會(huì ),即依照661(1990)號決議成立,用以監督嚴格實(shí)施制裁體制的委員會(huì ),迄今為止還沒(méi)有報道過(guò)違反制裁的情況。




上述譯法在同傳中相當普遍,雖然它有時(shí)不太符合漢語(yǔ)習慣,但對意思沒(méi)有損害。這種譯法的好處是可以緊跟原文,將經(jīng)過(guò)大腦的信息迅速處理掉,使之不妨礙下面的理解與翻譯。另外,先大聲將中心詞譯出可以加強記憶,不致于在定語(yǔ)譯出后被忘記,從而減輕了大腦的記憶負擔。但有時(shí)上述處理方法失靈,就必須將中心詞留待定語(yǔ)后譯出,與交替傳譯或筆譯相同。如:




(10)A fifth weakness related to the conditions under which foreign financial institutions operate in the Peoples Republic of China. 第五個(gè)弱點(diǎn)是外國金融機構在中國運作的條件。




(11)The way in which this crisis will be resolved will therefore definitely affect the nature and future of international economic and political relations.如何解決這次危機將毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地影響到國際政治經(jīng)濟關(guān)系的性質(zhì)和未來(lái)。




5、中心詞和定語(yǔ)可以合并構成完整的句子




(12)At the conclusion of the Paris Summit last week, a momentous declaration marked the end of the cold war, an era in contemporary history characterized mainly by ideological and military confrontation between the two competing blocks.巴黎首腦會(huì )議上周結束時(shí)產(chǎn)生了一份重大宣言,它標志著(zhù)冷戰的結束。當代歷史上的這一時(shí)代曾充滿(mǎn)了意識形態(tài)和軍事對抗,它發(fā)生在兩個(gè)競爭的集團之間。




(13) Assistance is also needed for the million and half refugees in Pakistan who are still unable to return to their homeland, pending the creation of conducive economic and political conditions. 還需要提供援助,幫助一百五十萬(wàn)阿富汗難民。他們被困在巴基斯坦,不能返回自己的家園,因為那里還缺乏有利的政治經(jīng)濟條件。(另請注意本句照顧到語(yǔ)序根據意思作的添加)




6、譯為插入成分




(14)It is not being reported in the press, but many Iraqi and foreign ships sailing to and from Iraqi and Kuwaiti ports are being stopped and searched on the high seas or at nearby ports in order to ascertain that no violations of the sanctions are taking place.報紙上沒(méi)有報道,但有很多伊拉克和外國船只──它們來(lái)往于伊拉克和科威特港口──受到了攔截和搜查,以確保沒(méi)有違反制裁的情況發(fā)生。




7、加動(dòng)詞,變?yōu)闈h語(yǔ)的目的狀語(yǔ)




(15) The sixth weakness that I like to highlight relates to the lack of a well developed regulatory and supervisory framework for banks and non-bank institutions.我想指出的第六個(gè)弱點(diǎn)是缺乏發(fā)育完善的監管機制,來(lái)監督與管理銀行和非銀行金融機構。




(16)  Work on the development of a common code and operating procedure for all personnel servicing under the UN flag should be brought to an early conclusion.制定一套行為準則和行動(dòng)程序,以指導所有聯(lián)合國人員,這一工作應當早日結束。(另請注意將work留待稍后譯出;flag的形象丟失)




8、譯為“比如說(shuō)”,表示列舉




(17) But while the opportunities for cooperation have never been greater, the challenges to the international community posed by regional conflicts, humanitarian crisis and unresolved transnational problems have also never been greater.雖然合作的機會(huì )從來(lái)沒(méi)有這么大,但國際社會(huì )面臨的挑戰,比如說(shuō)地區沖突、人道主義危機和懸而未決的跨國問(wèn)題,也從來(lái)沒(méi)有這么大過(guò)。




以上是英語(yǔ)較長(cháng)的后置定語(yǔ)在同傳中的基本處理技巧,對于前置定語(yǔ)或較短的后置定語(yǔ),同傳中一般不構成問(wèn)題,通常譯為漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ),這里就不多談。下面我們看一下英語(yǔ)較長(cháng)的后置狀語(yǔ)在同傳中的處理技巧。


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