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翻譯技巧:英語(yǔ)考試定語(yǔ)從句翻譯指導
發(fā)起人:eging  回復數:0  瀏覽數:4446  最后更新:2018/12/28 7:52:41 by eging

發(fā)表新帖  帖子排序:
2018/12/28 7:52:42
eging





角  色:管理員
發(fā) 帖 數:3730
注冊時(shí)間:2015/6/5
翻譯技巧:英語(yǔ)考試定語(yǔ)從句翻譯指導
        1.前置定語(yǔ)

  98年 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

  結構分析:這是一個(gè)復合句. But even more important是整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ),it was the farthest是主句,that scientists had been able to look into the past是修飾the farthest的定語(yǔ)從句,for引導原因狀語(yǔ)從句(參見(jiàn)1995年71題),在這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句中,what they were seeing是主語(yǔ)從句,were the patterns and structures是狀語(yǔ)從句中的系表結構,that existed…是修飾名詞patterns and structures的定語(yǔ)從句。

  譯文:但更為重要的是,這是科學(xué)家們所能觀(guān)察到的最遙遠的過(guò)去的景象,因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。

  02年 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

  結構分析:這是一個(gè)復合句。主句是由兩個(gè)并列的分句構成的:They are…, and they are;in which引導定語(yǔ)從句,修飾practices,其中is held responsible for … and given credit for …并列做定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ),given前面省略了助動(dòng)詞is。

  譯 文:自由和尊嚴(它們)是傳統理論定義的自主人所擁有的,是要求一個(gè)人對自己的行為負責并因其業(yè)績(jì)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。

  它們(自由和尊嚴)對于那種要求個(gè)人對自己的行為負責并因為其業(yè)績(jì)而受到贊揚的做法來(lái)說(shuō),是必不可少的。

  2.獨立成句

  當譯成前置定語(yǔ)會(huì )使句子變得臃腫,妨礙理解的時(shí)候,最好讓其獨立成句。

  94(72)"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."

  新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅持說(shuō):“簡(jiǎn)而言之,我們所稱(chēng)謂的科學(xué)革命,主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用,這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及?!?

  contend堅決主張,聲稱(chēng)[Y][+(that)]

  The police contended that the difficulties they faced were too severe.
  
  警察強調說(shuō)他們面臨的困難太嚴重了。


  He left his job largely because he was homesick..他辭職不干主要是因為他想家。

  We have countless reasons against his plan.我們有舉不勝舉的理由反對他的計劃。

  96 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

  基本結構:簡(jiǎn)單句+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+同位語(yǔ)從句(主語(yǔ)the specific demands +定語(yǔ)從句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment+謂語(yǔ)cannot generally be foreseen in detail)

  基本結構試譯:這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰期間,當時(shí)一些國家的政府得出結論:……

  譯文:這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰期間,當時(shí)一些國家的政府得出結論:政府要向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預見(jiàn)的。

  注意:不要將when引導的定語(yǔ)從句與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句相混淆,當然也就不能when引導的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成“當… 時(shí)候”。When引導定語(yǔ)從句前面一般是表示時(shí)間的詞作為先行詞,如果是過(guò)去時(shí),when譯成“其時(shí)、屆時(shí)”“當時(shí)”“在那個(gè)時(shí)候”,如果是將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),則譯成“到時(shí)”“屆時(shí)”,有時(shí)候還可以譯成“然后”“隨后”。

  The Queen will visit the small town in April, when she will open the new hospital.

  女王將于四月訪(fǎng)問(wèn)小鎮,到時(shí),她將主持這家新醫院的開(kāi)業(yè)儀式。

  I expect to stay here no more than two days, when I shall return.

  我預計在那兒呆兩天,隨后就回來(lái)。

  99 71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

  結構分析:這是一個(gè)復合句。While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians整個(gè)這一部分是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,其中第一個(gè)as是程度副詞,第二個(gè)as是連詞,引導比較狀語(yǔ)從句there are historians;modern practice most closely conforms to one是主謂賓結構的主句;that sees history as the attempt是修飾one的定語(yǔ)從句,to recreate and explain the significant events of the past是不定式短語(yǔ)做名詞attempt的后置定語(yǔ)。

  譯文:幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定,但現代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對其做出解釋。

  [我們的翻譯]:幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定,而現代實(shí)踐最符合這樣一個(gè)定義,該定義把歷史看作是重現和解釋過(guò)去的重要事件的嘗試。

  There are almost as many job opportunities as there are college graduates.

  幾乎每個(gè)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生都有就業(yè)機會(huì )。
  
  01 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.


  結構分析:這是一個(gè)復合句。Pearson has pieced together the work是主謂結構的主句,of hundreds of researchers是介賓短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞work,around the world則是介賓短語(yǔ)修飾名詞researchers,to produce a unique millennium technology calendar是不定式短語(yǔ)做結果狀語(yǔ),that引導定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞calendar,when引導定語(yǔ)從句修飾dates。這里的when相當于by which,因此不能翻譯成“當… 時(shí)候”,而應該翻譯成“通過(guò)這些日期”或者“到這些日期”(參見(jiàn)96年真題72)

  譯文:皮爾森匯集世界各地數百位研究人員的成果,編制了一個(gè)獨特的新技術(shù)千年歷,它列出了人們有望看到數百項重大突破和發(fā)現的最遲日期。

  3.獨立成句,且譯出內含邏輯關(guān)系。

  97 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

  結構分析:這是一個(gè)多重復合句。Actually,是副詞做狀語(yǔ),修飾整個(gè)句子,it isn't,是主句,在because引導的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,that引導賓語(yǔ)從句,which引導非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞an agreed account,而the world does not have是省略了從句引導詞that的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾something。

  譯文:事實(shí)并非如此,因為這種問(wèn)法是以人們對人的權利有共同認識為基礎的,而這種共同認識并不存在。

  定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。由于二者在翻譯時(shí)無(wú)大差異,所以討論時(shí)不加嚴格區分。定語(yǔ)從句的譯法一般有三種:

 ?。?)譯成含“的”字結構的定語(yǔ),放在先行詞之前。

  由于定語(yǔ)從句的作用相當于定語(yǔ),所以這種譯法是最普遍的。

 ?。?)采用“分譯法”——單獨成句

  當定語(yǔ)從句與被修飾詞之間關(guān)系不很緊密,且譯為前置定語(yǔ)過(guò)于臃腫時(shí),應該考慮將定語(yǔ)從句單獨成句,具體做法是將關(guān)系詞處理為先行詞的重復。P1-72 P8-71

 ?。?)獨立成句,且譯出內含邏輯關(guān)系。

  He, who has been in this school for five years, is quite familiar with the campus.

  因為在學(xué)校已經(jīng)待了五年,所以他對校園很熟悉。

  Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot do creative work and replace human.

  盡管電腦有很多優(yōu)勢,但還是不能做創(chuàng )造性的工作,不能代替人。


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