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翻譯技巧:醫學(xué)翻譯特點(diǎn)
發(fā)起人:eging  回復數:0  瀏覽數:3532  最后更新:2017/12/13 8:15:42 by eging

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2017/12/13 8:15:52
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角  色:管理員
發(fā) 帖 數:3730
注冊時(shí)間:2015/6/5
翻譯技巧:醫學(xué)翻譯特點(diǎn)
醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)和翻譯屬于科技英語(yǔ)的范疇,無(wú)論其語(yǔ)言表達形式還是翻譯都與文學(xué)英語(yǔ)和生活英語(yǔ)有很大的差異。了解它們之間的特點(diǎn)和差別,對于正確理解和翻譯科普作品是非常重要的,本文擬就北京醫學(xué)翻譯的特點(diǎn)和翻譯談幾點(diǎn)看法
1. 醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)
1.1 拉丁詞素和希臘詞素占的比例較大
在醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞匯中,有75%的醫學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)含有希臘語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)成分,這是因為拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)的詞形和詞義比較固定,而且它們的構詞能力也非常強,通過(guò)合成法、派生法、綴合法等構詞方法能與各種詞干相結合,產(chǎn)生大量的北京醫學(xué)翻譯詞匯,所以,醫學(xué)詞匯一般都比較冗長(cháng)復雜例如,cadio(心)與graph(描記儀、圖像)構成cadiograph(心動(dòng)描記器),hemi(單側)與plegia(癱瘓)構成hemiplegia(偏癱),cyto(細胞)與toxin(毒素)構成cytotoxin(細胞毒素)等等。
1.2 北京醫學(xué)翻譯多采用現在時(shí)態(tài)和陳述語(yǔ)氣
由于醫學(xué)類(lèi)的科技英語(yǔ)描述的主要對象是客觀(guān)存在的事實(shí)、現象或真理,因此,其句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般都采用一般現在時(shí);既然它是敘述事物的發(fā)生與發(fā)展過(guò)程,提示其變化規律的,故其動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣主要采用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
1.3 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和祈使句多
在北京醫學(xué)翻譯中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和祈使句用得較多,其原因在于科技英語(yǔ)講究語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔、流利、清楚,科技文章主要論述客觀(guān)存在的事實(shí)和科學(xué)論斷,并且希望強調和突出所論述的事物,為此,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常采用以客觀(guān)事物為主體的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和祈使句形式。
1.4 句子長(cháng),復雜句多,每句包容的信息量大
醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)作為科技英語(yǔ),為了準確嚴密地表達事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系,通常一句話(huà)含有幾個(gè)從句和短語(yǔ),所以,句子一般比較長(cháng),結構復雜,修飾成分多,這也是科普英語(yǔ)的基本共性。例如:
"This tube, known as the digestive tract,or alimentary canal,is made up of the oral cavity where food gains access to the body; the pharynx situated at the back of the oral cavity; the esophagus, which is a long tube connecting the pharynx with the stomach; the stomach,which stores foods and partially digests it; the small intestines, in which most of the food is digested and absorbed into the blood; and large intestines and return,in which the unabsorbed food is stored until its elimination from the body.
Now scientists, immunologists and virologists are attempting to find a medical intervention which can help cure those who become sick,whose immune systems have been compromised,and protect those who have not yet become infected.
l.5 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)用得多
由于北京醫學(xué)翻譯文章要求簡(jiǎn)練,或因篇幅限制,要在有限的篇幅里闡明作者的科研成果和論斷,就得盡力使句子結構簡(jiǎn)潔嚴謹,以避免或減少復雜的長(cháng)句,因此,在醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ))和介詞、名詞短語(yǔ)使用得比較多。例如:
Evaluation by modern scientific methods has shown that some medicinal herbs used by traditional doctors for the acute abdomen are good for overcoming obstructions of the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts and regulating the functions of these organs; some have significant antibacterial and toxinrelieving effects, while still others are effective in improving the
circulation of the organs involved,in tranquilizing the central nervous system,in stimulating the activity of adrenal cortex and in enhancing general body resistence.
1.6 常采用it作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句和不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的結
為了敘述方便,語(yǔ)義明晰,句子結構平衡緊湊,醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常使用以it作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句和不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的句子結構,以避免句子結構滯重;并且為了行文層次清楚,程序分明,經(jīng)常使用表示時(shí)間順序的副詞狀語(yǔ)。如,first of all, firstly, secondly, then, next, lastly, finally,等等。例如:
It is clear that further exploration, application and research on acupuncture will be not only significant for the health and welfare of the people but also important for the progress of medical science. He wondered if it was possible to immunize persons to smallpox by injecting them with pus from the sores of cows suffering from cowpox..
1.7 講究平衡,從不同角度或多方面闡明某一概念
在醫學(xué)英語(yǔ)中,常用兩詞或更多的詞,如or, and連接意義相同的詞語(yǔ),使某一概念闡述得更完整、確切,或從不同的角度完整、詳盡地論述某一問(wèn)題。動(dòng)詞也多使用詞義確切的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞,較少使用成語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如:
"The respiratory system is composed of two portions: l)conducting,and 2)respiratory. The conducting portion, or airpassages, comprises a series of tubes, namely, the nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe) and bronchi; the respiratory portion,the lungs.
Metabolism can be roughly divided into a building-up,or constructive phase known as anabolism and breaking-down, or destructive, called catabolism.

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